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'Time’s Arrow' comprises the 126th and 127th episodes overall, and is the 26th episode of the fifth season and the first episode of the sixth season of the American science fictiontelevision seriesStar Trek: The Next Generation. A two-part episode of Star Trek: TNG, the first episode was a cliffhanger season finale for the fifth season and the second episode was the premiere for the sixth season.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D.In this episode, an engineering team finds evidence that aliens visited Earth in 19th century San Francisco: Data's severed head, buried five hundred years ago.

The second part of the episode was nominated for three Creative Arts Emmy Awards, winning two: Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Series, and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Hairstyling for a Series.^[1][2]

• 1Plot
• 2Reception

Plot[edit]

Part 1[edit]

The Enterprise is recalled to Earth on a priority mission pertaining to evidence of aliens on the planet 500 years before. They are shown a cavern near Starfleet Headquarters in San Francisco containing relics of the 19th century, and the severed head of Data. The Enterprise crew finds evidence pointing to a race of shapeshifters and cellular fossils native to the planet of Devidia II. Taking Data's second head, the Enterprise travels to the planet, and discovers a temporal disturbance on the planet. Though no life forms are visible, Deanna Troi senses the presence of suffering humans, and the crew work out that the aliens are slightly out of phase with time. Data notes that his android body has a phase discriminator that would allow him to see the aliens, and Captain Picard reluctantly allows him to do so. Once in phase with the aliens, Data describes them to the crew as absorbing strands of light from a device in the center of the cavern but otherwise appear benign. However, as he observes, two aliens enter a time portal that he is drawn into; Data finds himself on Earth in San Francisco in the late 19th century, August 11, 1893.

Data quickly surmises that he needs money to operate, and is able to win a sizable amount beating card sharks at their own game in poker. Taking residence in a local hotel, Data claims to be a French inventor, befriending the bellhop (future author Jack London) for help in acquiring parts to build a detector to find the aliens, using 19th century technology. Data finds Guinan, the bartender from the Enterprise in a newspaper photo, and goes to a reception she will be attending. As she is speaking with Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Data attempts to ask her questions about the future believing her to have followed him back in time, but discovers that she is native to 1893 and has yet to meet the Enterprise crew; Data's language intrigues Clemens and he begins to follow Data and Guinan around.

Meanwhile, the Enterprise crew has determined how to build a similar phase discriminator to allow them to also see the aliens and go back in time to rescue Data. Guinan urges Picard to go along with the away team as, otherwise, they will have never met in the past and could change history. Picard and the rest of the away team activate the phase discriminator and see the same aliens as Data described, but discover that the strands of light they are consuming are human life forces, taken at the moment of death. The away team uses the time portal to travel back to the past to put a stop to the aliens.

Part 2[edit]

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Arriving in 1893, the away team quickly locates Data, who explains the current situation. Using Data's device, the team, followed by Guinan and Samuel Clemens are able to follow the alien shapeshifters to the same cavern near San Francisco, where they discover that the aliens have travelled to the 19th century to take advantage of a cholera outbreak, draining the life force from humans in infected areas to give the impression that their deaths were the result of an epidemic. In an ensuing struggle over a cane-like device used to open the portal, Data's head is detached from his body and left in 1893, and Guinan is injured. As Picard tends to Guinan, the rest of the away team, carrying Data's body which continues to grasp the cane device, follow one of the aliens to the future, with Clemens also following them. Picard learns from the other alien that should the Enterprise destroy their base in the 24th century, the strength of the time shift will be amplified, potentially devastating 19th-century Earth. Picard places a binary message using iron filings in Data's static memory to leave instructions for his crew in the future.

In the 24th century, Geordi La Forge reattaches Data's 500-year-old head onto his body, and Data discovers Picard's message. Data and LaForge devise a way of putting photon torpedoes in phase with the alien habitat, and therefore avoiding the amplification of the time shift effect, whilst Riker decides to attempt to rescue Picard. As studies of the cane device reveal that, due to instability of the portal, only one person would be able to return from the 19th century, Clemens offers to go back to save Picard. Clemens returns to the cavern in the 19th century, giving Picard the device to operate the time portal himself, and offering to tend to Guinan's wounds. Picard thanks Clemens, and explains that he wishes he could have gotten to know him better, but Clemens points out that his personality is written into his books. Picard returns to the future just as Riker orders Worf to fire the reconfigured torpedoes at the habitat, and is beamed out just in time.

Reception[edit]

Critical response[edit]

Writing for The Deseret News, television editor Scott D. Pierce found the first part of the story 'fresh and intriguing'.^[3]Wired asked readers to select which episodes of the series were their favorites, and 'Time's Arrow' was highlighted in their resultant article.^[4]

Variety listed 'Time's Arrow' (Parts I & II) as one of the top 15 episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation.^[5]

In 2016, the 'Time's Arrow' two-part episode was ranked by SyFy Wire as the 9th best Star Trek franchise episode involving time travel.^[6] Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) was ranked as one of the top seven time travelers of the franchise by Nerdist.com in 2019.^[7] They note that when he is taken to the future, he is glad there is no poverty, war, or prejudices.^[7]

In 2016, Empire ranked this the 32nd best out of the top 50 episodes of all the 700 plus Star Trek television episodes.^[8]

In 2018, CBR ranked this one of the top-twenty time travel themed episodes of all Star Trek series.^[9]

Awards[edit]

The second part of the episode was nominated for three Creative Arts Emmy Awards, winning two:

Scientific response[edit]

In his book Time Travel (2012), author David Wittenberg wrote favorably of the depiction of the logic of time travel in the episode: 'Star Trek's 'Time's Arrow' is both cognizant and respectful of … physical theory, offering a time travel loop in which causal order is not upset, or, in other words, in which no strictly logical paradoxes ensue.'^[11]

Release[edit]

• Star Trek The Next Generation DVD set, volume 5, disc 7, selection 2.
• Star Trek The Next Generation DVD set, volume 6, disc 1, selection 1.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcFranks, Don (2004). Entertainment Awards: A Music, Cinema, Theatre and Broadcasting Guide, 1928 Through 2003. McFarland. p. 443. ISBN978-0786417988.
2. ^ ^abElber, Lynn (September 20, 1993). 'Winners presented with Emmys in creative arts categories Saturday'. Sun Journal. Associated Press. p. 14 – via Google News Archive.
3. ^Pierce, Scott D. (September 26, 1992). ''Star Trek: The Next Generation' beams down for its sixth season'. The Deseret News. pp. D13 – via Google News Archive.Missing or empty |url= (help)
4. ^Thill, Scott (October 19, 2012). 'Best Star Trek: The Next Generation Episodes, According to You'. Wired. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
5. ^Ryan, Daniel Holloway,Joe Otterson,Maureen; Holloway, Daniel; Otterson, Joe; Ryan, Maureen (2017-09-28). ''Star Trek: The Next Generation's' 15 Best Episodes'. Variety. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
6. ^Granshaw, Lisa (2016-11-15). 'Ranking the 15 best Star Trek time travel episodes'. SYFY WIRE. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
7. ^ ^ab'The 7 Best Time Travelers In STAR TREK'. Nerdist. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
8. ^'The 50 best Star Trek episodes ever'. Empire. 2016-07-27. Retrieved 2019-06-29.
9. ^'Star Trek: Ranking the 20 Best Time-Travel Episodes'. CBR. 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2019-07-31.
10. ^Lowry, Brian (July 23, 1993). 'Cable ups the Emmy ante: 76 noms'. Variety. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
11. ^Wittenberg, David (2012). Time Travel. Fordham University Press. p. 154. ISBN978-0823249961.

External links[edit]

• 'Time's Arrow, Part I' on IMDb
• 'Time's Arrow, Part II' on IMDb
• 'Time's Arrow, Part I' at TV.com
• 'Time's Arrow, Part II' at TV.com
• Time's Arrow, Part I at Memory Alpha (a Star Trekwiki)
• Time's Arrow, Part II at Memory Alpha (a Star Trekwiki)
• Time's Arrow, Part I at StarTrek.com
• Time's Arrow, Part II at StarTrek.com

'Cause and Effect' is the 18th episode of the fifth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 118th overall. It was originally released on March 23, 1992, in broadcast syndication. It was written by Brannon Braga, who sought to write an unusual type of time travel related plot, and directed by cast member Jonathan Frakes.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, the Enterprise is caught in a time loop which results in the destruction of the ship and the loss of all hands after a collision with the USS Bozeman. As events re-occur, they begin to feel a sense of déjà vu and upon investigating, realize their predicament. Lt. Commander Data (Brent Spiner) realizes how to pass a brief message to himself in the next loop, which allows him to save the ship from destruction.

Star Trek Tng Remember Me

Cheers actor Kelsey Grammer was offered the role of Captain Morgan Bateson and accepted. Due to scheduling conflicts, Kirstie Alley was unable to reprise her Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan role as Lt. Saavik. Plans for the USS Bozeman were changed due to the budget, which resulted in a modification to the USS Reliant model created for The Wrath of Khan and the use of the movie-era Enterprise bridge. 'Cause and Effect' received Nielsen ratings of 13.0 percent, making it the sixth most watched episode of the season. Critics praised the episode, specifically Braga's writing, Frakes's direction, and the opening sequence in which the Enterprise is destroyed.

Plot[edit]

The viewer is shown through the episode that Enterprise is caught in a time loop (referred to in-universe as a 'temporal causality loop'). The loop begins with the senior members of the crew playing poker and continues for about a day when they discover a spatial anomaly. While studying the anomaly, a ship suddenly emerges from it, and though Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) takes Lt. Commander Data's (Brent Spiner) advice over Commander William T. Riker's (Jonathan Frakes) for avoiding a collision, the new ship clips the warp nacelle, causing a critical failure and the destruction of the Enterprise moments later, at which point the loop restarts.

Initially, the crew are unaware of the loop. However, Dr. Beverly Crusher (Gates McFadden) begins to hear noises before she goes to bed following the poker game. Having a sense of déjà vu during the poker game and able to predict the cards Data will deal during a subsequent loop, Crusher takes a tricorder with her to her room, records the voices, and later analyzes them to discover they are the panicked commands and broadcasts of the crew. The senior staff work out that they are stuck in the loop; the voices they are hearing are those of themselves from the previous loop just prior to the destruction of the ship. They evaluate the voices to determine that the loop is restarted due to the collision of the two ships but do not know how to avoid that collision in the first place. Data suggests that his positronic brain can be used to send a short message to himself in the next loop which may help them to avoid the collision. When they arrive at the anomaly, and after the collision, Data sends the message.

On the following loop, Crusher again has a feeling of déjà vu during the poker game, but when Data deals the next hand, all the cards are threes, followed by a hand where all players have three of a kind. The number 3 begins appearing throughout other parts of the ship's operations while, again, they determine they are stuck in a time loop. When they reach the anomaly and the ship appears from it, Data suddenly realizes that the 3 stands for the number of command pips on Riker's uniform, and executes Riker's option instead of his own. This allows Enterprise to safely clear the oncoming ship. The anomaly disappears and the time loop ends, and the crew realize they have been trapped in the loop for over 17 days, while the other ship, the USS Bozeman, has been missing for over 90 years. Picard welcomes the Bozeman's crew to the 24th century.

Production[edit]

The script was written by Brannon Braga, who sought to write a time-travel related episode without using a 'screwed up time-lines' type plot.^[1] Braga called it the most enjoyable episode he wrote all season, as he had never seen a time loop episode before but he did not know how to get the crew out of the loop, nor what the message was which would be passed to a future loop. He attributed the poker game, which was not in the original plan, to a sugar rush after eating pancakes.^[2] He felt that the destruction of the Enterprise was the best possible teaser for the episode, and he was pleased how he managed to tie the poker game into the overall plot.^[1] Braga named the USS Bozeman for his hometown of Bozeman, Montana, while the registration number of NCC-1941 was a reference to the comedy film 1941 (1979).^[3]

Cast member Jonathan Frakes directed the episode, having prepared for it while shooting the episode 'The Outcast'. He said that he was not involved in the casting process, as they had offered the role of Captain Morgan Bateson to Kelsey Grammer, who'd accepted.^[2] Grammer was a Star Trek fan, and in his role as Frasier Crane on Cheers, he filmed on the Paramount lot near where The Next Generation was produced.^[4] Frakes found it a challenge to film the same scenes with the same dialogue over and over but in a way which made them look different. Marvin V. Rush, the director of photography, worked with cameraman Waverly Smothers to develop an attachment for a camera using a bungee cord which allowed for a different style of shooting. Frakes also worked while at home planning out shots in order to ensure that there was a variety to each loop. Executive producer Rick Berman had made it clear that Frakes could not re-use footage and each loop needed to be filmed fresh, in order to prevent the episode from looking like a clip show.^[2]

Several changes took place to the script because of filming and casting difficulties. The crew planned to make the USS Bozeman a Star Trek: The Original Series-era Constitution class ship, similar to the original USS Enterprise. However, no model was available to use and the costs in creating a new one, along with costumes and props, was prohibitive enough that the plan was scrapped. Instead, the USS Reliant model created for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan was used.^[1]Greg Jein and Michael Okuda made the relevant changes,^[5] removing the rollbar and adding sensor arrays,^[1] resulting in it being described as a Soyuz class vessel.^[5] The bridge of the Bozeman was a re-dressed version of the film seriesEnterprise bridge. It was then intended to get Kirstie Alley in a cameo role behind Grammer in the USS Bozeman shots, reprising her role as Lieutenant Saavik from the movie The Wrath of Khan, but could not do so due to scheduling difficulties.^[1] Rob Legato organized the large-scale miniature effects for the episode on set 10, with large-scale but low-detail versions of the Enterprise created along with just nacelle models for the Bozeman to collide with.^[2]

Reception[edit]

The episode aired during the week commencing May 10, 1992, in broadcast syndication. According to Nielsen Media Research, it received ratings of 13.0 percent. This means that it was watched by 13 percent of all households watching television during its timeslot.^[6] It was the sixth most watched episode of the season, behind both parts of 'Unification', 'A Matter of Time', 'Power Play' and 'The Game'.^[6]

James Van Hise in his book The Unauthorized Trek: The Complete Next Generation, said that the episode 'fascinated' him due to the 'experimental' nature.^[7] He praised the direction of Frakes, who saved it from being a series of 'potentially boring repetition[s]',^[7] adding that he 'clearly has a firm grasp on the series.'^[7] Juliette Harrisson listed 'Cause and Effect' as the seventh most groundbreaking episode of the series in 2012 for Den of Geek.^[8]Keith DeCandido reviewed the episode for Tor.com, giving it a rating of nine out of ten. He praised the means in which Frakes made each repetition different, and the writing by Braga which he described as a 'tour de force'.^[9] He said that 'Cause and Effect' had 'the best teaser in the history of Star Trek',^[9] and summed it up by saying 'This is an absolute triumph of craft from both Braga and Frakes, and just a fun episode, with the added bonus of Captain Frasier Crane at the end. I almost didn't need to rewatch this one, as it's one of my go-to episodes when I want to watch a Star Trek episode for the heck of it, and I have yet to tire of it.'^[9]

Zack Handlen gave 'Cause and Effect' a grade of A in his review for The A.V. Club. He called the opening sequence 'strong',^[10] and said that one of the 'tricks' of this episode was that it does not break its own rules in finding a resolution.^[10] He summarized by saying 'Once again, TNG does what it does best: You take an ostensibly goofy idea, and then you make it sting by thinking through the consequences.'^[10] In a list of the top 100 episodes of the Star Trek franchise, 'Cause and Effect' was placed in 62nd place by Charlie Jane Anders at io9.^[11]

Viviane Casimir published an article in the Winter 1997 issue of the journal Extrapolation that used Lieutenant Commander Data's ability to transmit a message to himself as an example of assigning special mental abilities to a cyborg.^[12] In Computers of Star Trek, Lois Gresh and Robert Weinberg noted a contradiction between the description of Data being built around a neural net and examples of traditional von Neumann architecture. They noted how, in 'Cause and Effect', when a crew member removed the cover to Data's 'brain', it exposed flashing lights reminiscent of the large computers of the fifties and sixties, that reflected the values in the CPU's accumulator and other registers.^[13]

In 2017, Den of Geek listed 'Cause and Effect' as one of the top ten ground-breaking episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation.^[14]

In 2018, CBR ranked this one of the top twenty time travel themed episodes of all Star Trek series.^[15]

In 2019, ThoughtCo ranked 'Cause and Effect' in the top ten best episodes of the series, describing it as a 'great story of time and choices'.^[16] Also in 2019, The Hollywood Reporter ranked it among the top twenty five episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation who described it as having a unique repetitive structure and noting its direction by Jonathan Frakes.^[17]The Hollywood Reporter ranked 'Cause and Effect' as the 19th best episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, noting the time-loop plot.^[18]

In 2019, Higgy Pop noted this episode as one of the time travel stories of the Star Trek franchise.^[19]

In 2019, The Hollywood Reporter listed this among the twenty five best episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation.^[20]

Media releases[edit]

'Cause and Effect' was first released on VHS cassette in the United States and Canada on June 10, 1997.^[21] The episode was later released in the United States on November 5, 2002, as part of the season five DVD box set.^[22] The first Blu-Ray release was in the United States on November 18, 2013,^[23] followed by the United Kingdom on November 19.^[24]

Notes[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdeNemecek (2003): p. 195
2. ^ ^abcdGross & Altman (1993): p. 241
3. ^Okuda, et al; (1994): p. 35
4. ^'Grammer, Kelsey'. StarTrek.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
5. ^ ^abOkuda, et al; (1994): p. 307
6. ^ ^ab'Star Trek: The Next Generation Nielsen Ratings – Seasons 5–6'. TrekNation. Archived from the original on October 5, 2000. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
7. ^ ^abcVan Hise (1995): p. 125
8. ^Harrisson, Juliette (November 10, 2012). '10 groundbreaking episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation'. Den of Geek. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
9. ^ ^abcDeCandido, Keith (August 7, 2012). 'Star Trek: The Next Generation Rewatch: 'Cause and Effect''. Tor.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
10. ^ ^abcHandlen, Zack (April 14, 2011). 'Star Trek: The Next Generation: 'The Outcast'/'Cause And Effect''. A.V. Club. Archived from the original on February 28, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
11. ^Anders, Charlie Jane (October 2, 2014). 'The Top 100 Star Trek Episodes Of All Time!'. io9. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
12. ^Casimir, Viviane (Winter 1997). 'Data and dick's deckard: Cyborg as problematic signifier'. Extrapolation. pp. 278–291. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
13. ^Gresh & Weinberg (2008): pp. 11–12
14. ^'Star Trek: The Next Generation — 10 Groundbreaking Episodes'. Den of Geek. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
15. ^'Star Trek: Ranking the 20 Best Time-Travel Episodes'. CBR. 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2019-07-31.
16. ^fiction, Nigel Mitchell Nigel Mitchell has written about science; Books, Comic; critic, fantasy films for over 10 years He's a Rotten Tomatoes Tomatometer-approved. '10 Best Episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation'. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
17. ^''Star Trek: The Next Generation' - The 25 Best Episodes'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
18. ^''Conspiracy' - 'Star Trek: The Next Generation' — The 25 Greatest Episodes'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
19. ^Higgypop. 'Complete List Of Time Travel Storylines In Star Trek'. Higgypop. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
20. ^''Star Trek: The Next Generation' - The 25 Best Episodes'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
21. ^'Star Trek – The Next Generation, Episode 118: Cause and Effect (VHS)'. Tower Video. Retrieved February 26, 2016.^{[permanent dead link]}
22. ^Ordway, Holly E. (November 5, 2002). 'Star Trek the Next Generation – Season 5'. DVD Talk. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
23. ^Miller III, Randy (November 19, 2013). 'Star Trek: The Next Generation – Season Five (Blu-ray)'. DVD Talk. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
24. ^Simpson, Michael (November 11, 2013). 'Star Trek: The Next Generation Season 5 Blu-Ray Review'. Sci-Fi Now. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.

Star Trek Tng Wiki

References[edit]

• Ayers, Jeff (2006). Voyages of Imagination. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN978-141650-3491.
• Gresh, Louis H.; Weinberg, Robert (2008). Computers of Star Trek. New York: Basic Books. ISBN978-0-465-01175-9.
• Gross, Edward; Altman, Mark A. (1993). Captain's Logs: The Complete Trek Voyages. London: Boxtree. ISBN978-1-85283-899-7.
• Nemecek, Larry (2003). Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion (3rd ed.). New York: Pocket Books. ISBN0-7434-5798-6.
• Okuda, Michael; Okuda, Denise; Mirek, Debbie (1994). The Star Trek Encyclopedia. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN978-0-671-86905-2.
• Van Hise, James; Schuster, Hal (1995). The Unauthorized Trek: The Complete Next Generation. Pioneer Books. ISBN978-1-55698-377-1.

External links[edit]

• Cause and Effect at Memory Alpha (a Star Trekwiki)
• Cause and Effect at StarTrek.com
• Cause and Effect on IMDb

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